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موضوع بعنوان : Drug terminology
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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
Drug terminology
Additive
Additives are substances enabling processing of the active substance itself resulting in a medical preparation of a characteristic drug form, while ensuring the required stability and quality of the drug, they may influence, for example, the release of an active substance from the drug form and its absorption, they correct sensual perception, etc. Additives may cause an allergy in certain individuals; the content of additives must be carefully monitored even necessitating a certain type of diet. Additives include stabilizers, dyes and antioxidants.
Adverse effects of drugs
The adverse effects of drugs are represented by any adverse or unwanted consequence of the drug administration; certain adverse effects can be subjectively sensed by the patient, however, others require various medical examinations. Some adverse effects will fade away with time; if there is any serious change in the health condition which might be connected with the drug administration it is necessary to stop using the drug and to consult the physician on what to do next; adverse effects often experienced by patients include headache, nausea, impaired digestion, increased fatigue, reduced concentration, skin symptoms, etc.
Antioxidants
1. additives added in an active substance to protect the latter from degradation by oxygen in the air (anti-oxidation admixtures);
2. substances protecting the body tissues against damage to the body by oxygen radicals; certain vitamins exhibit anti-oxidation effects (C,D, beta-carotene) or trace elements (selenium).
ATC group
Anatomy-therapy-chemical drug classification according to the recommendation of the WHO (The World Health Organization). This is a group of drugs used for the same type of illness.
Batch
Drugs are usually produced in batches; a batch is the specific quantity of drugs produced in a single manufacturing process, i.e. under the same conditions, thus featuring identical properties; each batch of a certain drug is tested with regards to efficacy, cleanliness, etc.; the drug batch number is given on the drug packaging with a numeric code (batch number).
DDD
Daily dose definition – an artificially established administration unit used, for example, for monitoring the consumption of drugs.
Dosing
Dosing means determining the quantity per dose of a substance/substances to achieve its/their optimum efficacy, safety and high-level of comfort for the patient; moreover, for making a drug effective and safe, it is necessary to follow precisely the dosing prescribed by the physician; drug dosing is often unique while depending on the nature and severity of a specific disease, the overall condition and age of the patient; a special modification of dosing is applied for children, elderly patients and patients suffering from hepatic or renal diseases.
Drug active substance
Basic active substance which is the bearer of the drug effects is usually indicated as a sub-heading of the drug trade name; apart from active substances, the drug usually also contains additives processed in the drug form.
Drug administration
Drug application; there are several types of drug administration, such as sublingual where a drug is put under the tongue and left to dissolve, oral (the drug is swallowed), parenteral – most frequently injections (depending on the point of application we differentiate them into, for example, muscular – intramuscular, venous – intravenous, subcutaneous), topical, where drugs are applied on a certain area, while the most frequently used drugs are those affecting the skin (dermal drugs), followed by solutions for ear, nose and eyes, suppositories, vaginal tablets; the type of drug administration depends amongst other things on whether the active substance is required to deliver local or systemic effect; the correct drug administration is important for achieving the required drug effect and that is why sometimes various aids are used for administration, for example, in inhalation of anti-asthmatics.
Drug administration contraindication
This is any circumstance or condition of the patient under which administration of a specific drug is inconvenient, not recommended or impossible; contraindication can be absolute or relative while absolute contraindication is a situation where drug administration is totally inconvenient, as drug administration of such a contraindication can result in a situation threatening the patient’s life; relative contraindication of the drug is a situation where drug administration is not recommended, but if the physician assesses the drug as being advantageous for the patient in terms of his/her health condition and availability of other drugs, the drug can be administered to control a disease; in general, the attending physician must always assess the significance or benefit of a specific drug administration on an individual basis; the majority of drugs feature their contraindications, while frequent contraindication is, for example, represented by known allergy to the active substance or additive and many drugs are contraindicated in pregnancy or lactation; the opposite of indication.
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